Thursday, June 11, 2020

Short description of HCl chemistry for class 12

BY P GHOSH INORGANIC , Short description of HCl chemistry for class 12

Short description of HCl chemistry for class 12

HCl chemistry is an important part of chemistry, especially in inorganic chemistry, which is related to the HCl acid.

HCl chemistry gives us a lot of information about HCl acid. From HCl chemistry, we know about the discover history of HCl acid.

[ NiCl4] 2– is paramagnetic while [ Ni(CN) 4 ] 2– is diamagnetic

BY P GHOSH [ NiCl4] 2– is paramagnetic while [ Ni(CN) 4 ] 2– is diamagnetic , INORGANIC

Why is [ NiCl4 ] ^2–paramagnetic while [ Ni(CN) 4 ] ^2– is diamagnetic ?

The Ni(II) ion is 3d⁸ system. According to Hund’s rule the outer electronic configuration of Ni(II) ion is [ Ar ] 3d⁸. From electronic configuration of Ni(II) ion , it is shown that it has two unpaired electrons.

Now, depending upon the hybridization, there are two types of possible structure of Ni(II) complex are formed with co-ordination number 4.

If the complex involves ‘sp3’ hybridization, it would have tetrahedral structure . Again, If the complex involves ‘dsp2’ hybridization, it would have square planar structure .

Convert phenol to benzyl chloride

BY P GHOSH Convert phenol to benzyl chloride , ORGANIC

How to convert phenol to benzyl chloride?

Conversion of phenol to benzyl chloride may occur in two ways. The first one is direct method which consists of five or six steps and the second method occur via benzene nucleus.

1 to 20 IUPAC name of alkenes

BY P GHOSH 1 to 20 IUPAC name of alkenes , ORGANIC

1 to 20 IUPAC name of alkenes

The unsaturated hydrocarbons those are contain at least one carbon – carbon double bond is called alkene or olefin. The general formula of alkenes or olefins compound is, Cn H2n. Where, n = 2 , 3, 4, 5……….etc.

What is the structure of cyano compound with 6 carbon atom and their IUPAC naming?

BY P GHOSH ORGANIC , What is the structure of cyano compound with 6 carbon atom and their IUPAC naming?

What is the structure of cyano compound with 6 carbon atom and their IUPAC naming?

Cyano compounds are those compounds in which alkyl groups are attached with the carbon atom of – CN functional group. Cyano compounds are also known as nitrile compounds.

The general formula of cyano compound is C_nH_2n+1–CN. Depending on the number of cyano group, cyano compounds may be mono cyano,dicyano,tricyano etc.

structure of cyano compound with 6 carbon atom and their IUPAC naming

Hydrogen fluoride-properties-uses with pH calculation

BY P GHOSH Hydrogen fluoride-properties-uses with pH calculation , INORGANIC

Hydrogen fluoride details in halogen chemistry

Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound of hydrogen and fluorine with molecular formula, HF. It is a polar covalent hydride. Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas.

Hydrogen fluoride is a mono basic weak acid when dissolved in water. The pKa value of HF acid is 3.4.

Details of hydrochloric acid formula properties uses with examples

BY P GHOSH Details of hydrochloric acid formula properties uses with examples , INORGANIC

Details of hydrochloric acid in chemistry

Hydrochloric acid is also known as hydrogen chloride, is a chemical compound of hydrogen and chlorine with molecular formula, HCl.

About 42% of HCl [ in stoichimetric ratio] or concentrated aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas at S.T.P, is known as hydrochloric acid.

The another name of hydrochloric acid are chlorane, muriaticacid, spirits of salt, chlorhydric acid etc.

Hydrochloric acid formula

Hydrochloric acid is a diatomic molecule with chemical formula, HCl.

Hydrochloric acid is the salt of hydronium ion( H3O+) and chloride ion. It is produced when HCl is dissolved in water.

The structure of bulk water is infamously complex. Infra red spectroscopy, X-ray and neutron diffraction study of conc.HCl acid solutions revealed that the primary form of H+(aq) in these is H₅O₂⁺.

This form along with chloride anion, is H-bonded to the neighboring water molecules in several different ways.

In H₅O₂⁺, the proton is sandwiched midway between two water molecules at 180ᵒ. The simple chemical formula and Lewis dot structure of hydrochloric acid molecule are shown below.

[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 paramagnetic but [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 is diamagnetic

BY P GHOSH [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 paramagnetic but [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 is diamagnetic , INORGANIC

Why is [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂ paramagnetic but [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃ is diamagnetic ?

In case of [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂ complex, the oxidation state of nickel atom is +2 .The atomic number of nickel atom, 28 and that of Ni(II)ion is 26 .

Valence shell electronic configuration of Ni(II) ion is [ Ar ] d⁸ . Coordination number of central metal Ni(II)ion : 6 . Arrangement of [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂ complex is Octahedral.

Now, the paramagnetic character of above said octahedral Ni(II) complex does not explained on the basis of crystal field theory.

Because, the ligand NH₃ is a strong field ligand. So, under the influence of the octahedral crystal field, the five degenerate d-orbitals of Ni(II) ion are splitted into two sets of energetically different orbitals.

These two sets of orbitals are energetically lower t_2g orbital and energetically higher e_gorbital.

Now, the ligand NH₃ is a strong field ligand and hence it is a low spin complex. Therefore, the electronic arrangement should be t2g⁶ eg² .

Here, 10Dqo > P (pairingenergy) and hence all the electrons are paired.

Consequently, octahedral Ni(II) complex with strong field should be diamagnetic.

But, actually the [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂complex is paramagnetic in nature. Therefore, the paramagnetic character of [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂complex can be explained on the basis valence bond theory.

According to valence bond theory, the electronic arrangement of Ni(II)ion is as follows,

Under the strong field effect, the two unpaired electrons of 3d-orbital has to be shifted to higher 4d-orbitals in order to form low spin inner orbital complex.

This transfer of electrons from lower 3d to higher 4d-orbital is not energetically feasible.

Thus only outer orbital high spin complex is formed in Ni(II) six coordinated complex is formed through sp3d² hybridization.

Under this condition, nickel ion in [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂complex contain two unpaired electrons. Hence [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2complex is paramagnetic.

On the other hand, in case of [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃complex, the oxidation state of cobalt is +3 .The atomic number of cobalt : 27 and that of Co(III) ion : 24

The ligand NH₃, which is a strong field ligand. Co-ordination number of central metal Co(III) ion : 6

Valence shell electronic configuration of Co(III) ion : [ Ar ] d⁶ .

Since, ligand NH₃ is a strong field ligand, hence the complex is low spin one. Therefore, under the influence of the octahedral crystal field, the possible electronic arrangement of Co(III) ion is t2g⁶, eg⁰.

The octahedral crystal field splitting of [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃complex is as follows,

Important uses of hydrogen in human life

BY P GHOSH Important uses of hydrogen in human life , INORGANIC

Important uses of hydrogen in human life

Uses of hydrogen in human life is the great contribution of hydrogen element. There are a large number of uses of hydrogen in different sector in our daily life.

Such as, use of hydrogen as an energy source, in industry, in gas chromatography, in cars cleaner and rocket fuel, in hydrogenation processes, in

the formation of important chemical substances, in nanotechnology, in welding, in nuclear fusion reaction etc.

activating groups-deactivating groups-definition-list-application

BY P GHOSH activating groups-deactivating groups-definition-list-application , INORGANIC

· activating groups explain with an example

Activating groups are some chemical constituents which increase the electron

density of benzene ring owing to their positive mesomeric effect and inductive effect.

In other words, there are some groups in organic chemistry, which have electron

donating ability and they can activate the benzene ring through increasing the electron density of benzene ring, are called activating groups.

Since these type of groups activate the benzene ring, so they are called activator enhancer or activating groups. Activating groups are also called electron donating group.

Most of the activating groups contain one or more lone pair of electron.This lone pair of electron participate in resonance with the pi electron of benzene ring.

As a result, benzene ring with activating groups become electron rich.That is, benzene ring acts as a source of electrons.

Therefore, benzene ring with activating group becomes more reactive towards electrophilic substitution reaction than benzene ring without activating groups.

· Activating groups list.

There are three types of activating groups are known in organic chemistry, namely, strong activating groups, medium activating groups and weak activating groups.

Activating groups list of these three type are shown below.

Inner-metallic complexes-definition-examples-pH dependent

BY P GHOSH Inner-metallic complexes-definition-examples-pH dependent , INORGANIC

What is an inner-metallic complexes in chemistry ?

Inner-metallic complexes are those co-ordination complexes in which the ligand possess both neutral and acidic donor atom or group.

When a chelating ligand with both neutral as well as acidic group, form one type of chelating complexes ,in which both the primary and the secondary valency of central metal atom is satisfied by the ligand simultaneously.

Then the resulting chelate complexes are called inner-metallic complexes .

What is an inner-metallic complexes in chemistry ?

For example, copper glycinate , [ Cu ( gly )₂ ] , zinc acetyl acetonate, [ Zn (acac )₂] etc.

The ligands used in the formation of inner-metalliccomplexes are , glycinate anion, acetyl acetonate anion and other amino acid etc.

All the Inner-metallic complexes are chelate complexes, but all the chelate complexes are not Inner-metallic complexes .

Because, inner-metallic complexes are neutral complex compound , but chelate compounds are may be cationic, anionic or neutral type .

Why are inner metallic complexes pH dependent ?

The ligands which are used in the formation of inner-metallic complexes are contained both neutral and acidic donor atom or group .

They satisfied both the primary and the secondary valency of central metal ion simultaneously.

Hence, inner-metallic complexes are generally neutral chelate complex. So, the pH value of inner-metallic complexes is 7, just middle point on the pH scale.

Summary

What is an inner-metallic complexes in chemistry ?

Examples of inner-metallic complexes.

Why are inner metallic complexes pH dependent ?

Ligand-definition example in chemistry

Outer orbital complexes-definition-octahedral complex

BY P GHOSH INORGANIC , Outer orbital complexes-definition-octahedral complex

What is outer-orbital complexes in chemistry ?

Octahedral complexes which is formed through sp³d² hybridization, show that, 3d-orbitals of central metal ion remain unchanged.

In this case, outer 4d-orbtals are involved in hybridization and form octahedral complexes.

Such a complex in which the central metal ion utilizes outer nd-orbitals is called outer-orbital complex.

For example, hexaaquo nickel(II)ion,[ Ni ( H₂O )₆ ]²⁺ and hexaamine zinc(II)ion, [ Zn( NH3)₆ ]²⁺ are two outer-orbital complex .

According to valence bond theory, the formation of [ Ni ( H₂O )₆ ]²⁺ complex ion is shown below.

What is outer-orbital complexes in chemistry ?

The outer-orbital complex has a large number of unpaired electrons than their number in inner orbital complex of the same metal ion due to unchanged of

configuration of metal ion on complexation .Such a complex is also called high spin complex.

Why are octahedral complexes of Co²⁺,Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions always outer-orbital ?

According to valence bond theory, it has been seen that, the octahedral complexes of Co²⁺,Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions are always outer-orbital .

This can be explained on the basis of their electronic arrangement . From their electronic arrangement it has been found that no ions among them have two vacant 3d-orbitals.

Because, all the above said ions contain seven or more electrons in their inner 3d-orbital.Hence, in the formation of octahedral complexes, they can’t attain d²sp³ hybridization.

That is, the metal ions, Co²⁺,Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ show sp3d² hybridization by using their outervacant 4d-orbital.

Consequently, all the octahedral complexes of Co²⁺,Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions are always outer-orbital.

The electronic arrangement and hybridization of the Co²⁺,Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions are shown below.

Why are octahedral complexes of Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions always outer-orbital ?

The electronic arrangement and hybridization of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions are same.

Summary :

What is outer-orbital complexes in chemistry ?
Why are octahedral complexes of Co²⁺,Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions always outer-orbital ?

Why are all square planar complexes always inner-orbital complexes ?

Chelate complex definition example and pi acid ligands.

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Thursday, June 11, 2020

Short description of HCl chemistry for class 12

Saturday, June 6, 2020

Why is [ NiCl4 ] 2– paramagnetic while [ Ni(CN) 4 ] 2– is diamagnetic ?

Friday, June 5, 2020

How to convert phenol to benzyl chloride?

Thursday, June 4, 2020

1 to 20 IUPAC name of alkenes

Tuesday, June 2, 2020

What is the structure of cyano compound with 6 carbon atom and their IUPAC naming?

Sunday, May 31, 2020

Hydrogen fluoride details in halogen chemistry

Monday, May 25, 2020

Details of hydrochloric acid in chemistry

Hydrochloric acid formula

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Why is [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 paramagnetic but [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 is diamagnetic ?

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Important uses of hydrogen in human life

Friday, May 8, 2020

· activating groups explain with an example

· Activating groups list.

Sunday, May 3, 2020

What is an inner-metallic complexes in chemistry ?

Why are inner metallic complexes pH dependent ?

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

What is outer-orbital complexes in chemistry ?

Why are octahedral complexes of Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions always outer-orbital ?

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Why is [ NiCl4 ] ^2–paramagnetic while [ Ni(CN) 4 ] ^2– is diamagnetic ?

Why is [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂ paramagnetic but [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃ is diamagnetic ?

Why are octahedral complexes of Co²⁺,Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions always outer-orbital ?